Word Choice Deprecate vs. Depreciate

Word Choice Deprecate versus Deteriorate Word Choice: Deprecate versus Deteriorate When something loses esteem, has it â€Å"deprecated† or â€Å"depreciated†? Many utilize these terms reciprocally, however they’re quite particular. What's more, since you don’t need to commit errors in your composed work, it’s a smart thought to know the distinction! In this post, we explain the implications of â€Å"deprecate† and â€Å"depreciate,† then set out how (and when) they ought to be utilized. Censure (To Express Disapproval) To â€Å"deprecate† something is to communicate dissatisfaction with it, or to deprecate something: Albeit mainstream, unscripted television shows are frequently belittled by proficient pundits. This is likewise why we state somebody making a joke at their own cost is acting naturally deprecating.† Another good old utilization of â€Å"deprecate† is to â€Å"pray away†, (for example, appealing to God for assurance against an insidiousness). It’s once in a while utilized like this now however, so youre not liable to experience it other than in old strict writings. Deteriorate (To Reduce in Value) The principle significance of â€Å"depreciate† is to â€Å"reduce or think little of in value.† Most normally, it alludes to something having lost money related worth: If not appropriately kept up, properties will deteriorate after some time. This utilization is reflected in the thought of â€Å"depreciation,† a budgetary term for a technique utilized by organizations to represent the declining estimation of benefits: Prior to putting resources into foundation, you ought to figure the normal pace of deterioration. Disarray with â€Å"deprecate† emerges in light of the fact that â€Å"depreciate† can once in a while mean â€Å"belittle,† yet to â€Å"depreciate† something in this sense is explicitly to depict it has having little worth. Deplore or Depreciate? These terms are especially precarious since they’re correspondingly spelled just as genuinely close in significance. Be that as it may, since â€Å"depreciate† has a quite certain budgetary sense, you don’t need to befuddle them. When in doubt, if you’re talking about the benefit of something or funds all in all, the term to utilize will be â€Å"depreciate.† Notwithstanding, if you’re alluding to something being deprecated †without fundamentally affecting upon its apparent worth †the right word is â€Å"deprecate.† So also, on the off chance that somebody is self-taunting, they are â€Å"self-deprecating†. Keep in mind: Deplore = Belittle Devalue = Lose esteem

How Context Frames Exchange Term Paper - 2750 Words

Contextualization and value-in-context: How context frames exchange (Term Paper Sample) Content: Contextualization and value-in-context: How context frames exchangeContextual framing in this case, is the act of putting an aspect in a certain point of view. Contextual frames are most probably built up during actual world experiences whereby certain scenarios are knowledgeable and then influence individuals perceive and predict the certain aspects. On the other hand, Value co creation has been conceptualized as value in context whereby the emphasis of this market strategy is based on ongoing realization of joint firm-consumer value. In this case context is a set of factors that are unique with mutual links among themselves. Service provision is the act of undertaking a certain business task that requires compensation in return that is acceptable. Qualified staff in a business that specializes in service provision is a key factor to consider in order to ensure they are available to undertake the services that are required by its customers. Contextualization is the process of putting an idea or issue within its large setting where it is able to get its true meaning. The aim of this paper is to have a critical analysis of the provision off services and more so in the marketing value co creation. The contextualization aspect in this case would be to oscillate ideas from an individual actor at the market micro, and macro level, in order give the scaleable influence of the context a real meaning. In other words, the aim is to show how the micro and macro market levels influence each other. The whole issue will be to conceptualize these markets in instantaneous and continuous connections that are under the boundary of one of these context levels.According to a number of scholars in the marketing field, studying marketing and the implications contained there in is an exchange concern. The aim of exchange is accessing resources, however, scholars in this case has disagreed upon the role that exchange plays in the value co creation. This brings in t he point of placing the whole issue in its contextual frame work by critical reviewing the critical values in the whole issue. The orientation process on the other hand, puts more emphasis on the joint efforts different actors puts through exchange process in a certain context. The process of exploring the role held by context in framing exchange is very an important area to focus. The way actors come together in exchange within a definite context aiming to explore the role played by context in exchange framing is also important in this analysis. In regard to these conceptualizations, making salient the context manipulation is comparatively isomorphic. Likewise, these emphases proposed adapts in a network of market perspective. Such perspectives are most extensive in marketing especially in IMP group work. Insights on the other hand, can also be found where Nordic School of marketing service approach more on the marketing approach of many to many service. It is also important to no te that the emphasis under this context is based on relationship interactions other than value creation. However, this work in line with the framework proposed converge in an external perspective that is shared on the processes that lie outside actors and their insinuation that value is embryonic at intersections of network resource.The framework proposed is aimed at extending the literature by making explicit, salient market contexts, and co creation of value to be more related theoretically. It is clear that, study of markets and co creation of value requires an individual to refer to academic marketing facts on markets to be able to clearly understand the value co creation procedure and the entrenched contextual scenery of value. Sarcastically, this does not apply to all aspects, but it is limited to an extent. According to Venkatesh, market is every where rather than nowhere within marketing. This implies that there is no real theory for marketing and it is urged that it inherit ed one theory from economics. Market can be built on the abovementioned studies through the conceptualization on how markets are framed by context such that there is evidence of exchange between two actors that can simultaneously see as a substitute within the service ecosystems. The important aspect about this is that market constitutes are within different exchange contexts. A multi level perspective in view of the context is basically based on the theory of social network making the economic sociology very important. This perspective can also be intergraded with service dominant perspective on value concretion, as well as, markets. In this case context, macro, meso, and micro market levels are in line with the essential processes of value co creation. The most salient layer is the conceptualizing layer, which is the Meta layer, which is concerned with how these levels simultaneously evolve. This frame work can help in exploring the resources role as it is articulated in several market and theories network. In order to understand the whole issue on the market theory and context frame exchange involving salient as the simultaneous and interactive process at each level the following areas are important to address.Service dominant perspectiveThe service dominant perspective is the first area to address. This is a representation of a broader perspective on the markets compare ration to the traditional perspective on the markets. The traditional perspective mainly focused on the exchange of goods and services known as the G-D logic. On the other hand, the logic on S-D focuses mostly on the services and the resource application for the beneficial side of the other actors. This logic looks more into this issue far beyond goods as the main contributors of an economy and puts more emphasis on the skills and knowledge as the main social and economic resources, which opposes the G-D logic that emphasis on physical resources as the primary resources. As a result of th is perspective, skills and knowledge integration are viewed as important when it comes to co value creation exchange. However, in order to have a clear understanding of this perspective reviewing conceptual extension is important. This conceptual extension can be addressed in the following more detailed areas.Resources in contextAs seen in the above analysis scholars traditionally focused marketing on the context of goods as resources that are complementary to the asserted marketing view. These recourses and goods are regarded as supplemental core production processes of any firm. In this sense, traditionally marketing is viewed as a factor that adds value to the already inherently valuable goods. The other conceptualization that is similar to this is where resources are viewed as goods owned by a certain firm or as production inputs. However, according to Morgan and Hunt resources can be possessed by a number of actors. Resources are able to connect and bring in an interaction betw een actors which happens these characters seek to get access to the available resources. Resources are also not static rather they expand in contraction in response to human actions. Therefore, once an actor in the market gets access to resources that they do not own a connection occurs. The reasoning behind it is that being they are able to access a resource jointly. Actors are able to maintain brand associations that are favorable, strong and unique and as a result they are able to expand the potential knowledge brand as a resource. While those that are not in a position to form brands that are favorable associates contract possible knowledge as a resource. Knowledge in this case is a resource that cannot be controlled due to the fact that it can not be owned by anybody neither can it be controlled unilaterally. This brand can provide some benefits such as reduction in uncertainty, familiarity with the product, and price premiums that are higher. Those resources that are not owne d or controlled by any actor they end up being resources that represents the indirect exchange. Indirect exchange governance can be undertaken by several institutions, some of these institutions include ownership systems that are drawn on property rights and are aimed at facilitating exchange. Traditionally, actors were viewed as resource owners an attribute that made them unique and separate from the contexts and resources within which they were themselves embedded.The above analysis brings in the need to have a differentiation among contexts. This is important because there are points where actors are drawn in line with some resources from different contexts. Although this is the case there are times when these actors behaves like deterrents in other market contexts. This means that a certain context can act like a resource for an actor and as a deterrent to a different actor. Therefore, it is note able that resource value is influenced by contexts and this is one of the ways tha t contexts frame exchange, as well as, the co creation of markets is addressed. Service in contextIn the above analysis value co creation is influenced by the resources and the context on its service. This can clearly be show in the following areas.The theory of Growth of a firm by Penrose shows that resources give rise to services. This process takes many steps. The first one is where the firms compete over resources especially when resources are used in offering service streams which finally fills and replaces the context with service inputs. In addition, the output services are later chosen from the context formed. For example, two firms competing for coal to fuel their rail transport. Due to the varying control and coal ownership the two firms are forced to apply service outputs that are heterogeneous where by each become woven with each other and other firms Another case is where the actors occupy unique positions within their context and from these positions ... How Context Frames Exchange Term Paper - 2750 Words Contextualization and value-in-context: How context frames exchange (Term Paper Sample) Content: Contextualization and value-in-context: How context frames exchangeContextual framing in this case, is the act of putting an aspect in a certain point of view. Contextual frames are most probably built up during actual world experiences whereby certain scenarios are knowledgeable and then influence individuals perceive and predict the certain aspects. On the other hand, Value co creation has been conceptualized as value in context whereby the emphasis of this market strategy is based on ongoing realization of joint firm-consumer value. In this case context is a set of factors that are unique with mutual links among themselves. Service provision is the act of undertaking a certain business task that requires compensation in return that is acceptable. Qualified staff in a business that specializes in service provision is a key factor to consider in order to ensure they are available to undertake the services that are required by its customers. Contextualization is the process of putting an idea or issue within its large setting where it is able to get its true meaning. The aim of this paper is to have a critical analysis of the provision off services and more so in the marketing value co creation. The contextualization aspect in this case would be to oscillate ideas from an individual actor at the market micro, and macro level, in order give the scaleable influence of the context a real meaning. In other words, the aim is to show how the micro and macro market levels influence each other. The whole issue will be to conceptualize these markets in instantaneous and continuous connections that are under the boundary of one of these context levels.According to a number of scholars in the marketing field, studying marketing and the implications contained there in is an exchange concern. The aim of exchange is accessing resources, however, scholars in this case has disagreed upon the role that exchange plays in the value co creation. This brings in t he point of placing the whole issue in its contextual frame work by critical reviewing the critical values in the whole issue. The orientation process on the other hand, puts more emphasis on the joint efforts different actors puts through exchange process in a certain context. The process of exploring the role held by context in framing exchange is very an important area to focus. The way actors come together in exchange within a definite context aiming to explore the role played by context in exchange framing is also important in this analysis. In regard to these conceptualizations, making salient the context manipulation is comparatively isomorphic. Likewise, these emphases proposed adapts in a network of market perspective. Such perspectives are most extensive in marketing especially in IMP group work. Insights on the other hand, can also be found where Nordic School of marketing service approach more on the marketing approach of many to many service. It is also important to no te that the emphasis under this context is based on relationship interactions other than value creation. However, this work in line with the framework proposed converge in an external perspective that is shared on the processes that lie outside actors and their insinuation that value is embryonic at intersections of network resource.The framework proposed is aimed at extending the literature by making explicit, salient market contexts, and co creation of value to be more related theoretically. It is clear that, study of markets and co creation of value requires an individual to refer to academic marketing facts on markets to be able to clearly understand the value co creation procedure and the entrenched contextual scenery of value. Sarcastically, this does not apply to all aspects, but it is limited to an extent. According to Venkatesh, market is every where rather than nowhere within marketing. This implies that there is no real theory for marketing and it is urged that it inherit ed one theory from economics. Market can be built on the abovementioned studies through the conceptualization on how markets are framed by context such that there is evidence of exchange between two actors that can simultaneously see as a substitute within the service ecosystems. The important aspect about this is that market constitutes are within different exchange contexts. A multi level perspective in view of the context is basically based on the theory of social network making the economic sociology very important. This perspective can also be intergraded with service dominant perspective on value concretion, as well as, markets. In this case context, macro, meso, and micro market levels are in line with the essential processes of value co creation. The most salient layer is the conceptualizing layer, which is the Meta layer, which is concerned with how these levels simultaneously evolve. This frame work can help in exploring the resources role as it is articulated in several market and theories network. In order to understand the whole issue on the market theory and context frame exchange involving salient as the simultaneous and interactive process at each level the following areas are important to address.Service dominant perspectiveThe service dominant perspective is the first area to address. This is a representation of a broader perspective on the markets compare ration to the traditional perspective on the markets. The traditional perspective mainly focused on the exchange of goods and services known as the G-D logic. On the other hand, the logic on S-D focuses mostly on the services and the resource application for the beneficial side of the other actors. This logic looks more into this issue far beyond goods as the main contributors of an economy and puts more emphasis on the skills and knowledge as the main social and economic resources, which opposes the G-D logic that emphasis on physical resources as the primary resources. As a result of th is perspective, skills and knowledge integration are viewed as important when it comes to co value creation exchange. However, in order to have a clear understanding of this perspective reviewing conceptual extension is important. This conceptual extension can be addressed in the following more detailed areas.Resources in contextAs seen in the above analysis scholars traditionally focused marketing on the context of goods as resources that are complementary to the asserted marketing view. These recourses and goods are regarded as supplemental core production processes of any firm. In this sense, traditionally marketing is viewed as a factor that adds value to the already inherently valuable goods. The other conceptualization that is similar to this is where resources are viewed as goods owned by a certain firm or as production inputs. However, according to Morgan and Hunt resources can be possessed by a number of actors. Resources are able to connect and bring in an interaction betw een actors which happens these characters seek to get access to the available resources. Resources are also not static rather they expand in contraction in response to human actions. Therefore, once an actor in the market gets access to resources that they do not own a connection occurs. The reasoning behind it is that being they are able to access a resource jointly. Actors are able to maintain brand associations that are favorable, strong and unique and as a result they are able to expand the potential knowledge brand as a resource. While those that are not in a position to form brands that are favorable associates contract possible knowledge as a resource. Knowledge in this case is a resource that cannot be controlled due to the fact that it can not be owned by anybody neither can it be controlled unilaterally. This brand can provide some benefits such as reduction in uncertainty, familiarity with the product, and price premiums that are higher. Those resources that are not owne d or controlled by any actor they end up being resources that represents the indirect exchange. Indirect exchange governance can be undertaken by several institutions, some of these institutions include ownership systems that are drawn on property rights and are aimed at facilitating exchange. Traditionally, actors were viewed as resource owners an attribute that made them unique and separate from the contexts and resources within which they were themselves embedded.The above analysis brings in the need to have a differentiation among contexts. This is important because there are points where actors are drawn in line with some resources from different contexts. Although this is the case there are times when these actors behaves like deterrents in other market contexts. This means that a certain context can act like a resource for an actor and as a deterrent to a different actor. Therefore, it is note able that resource value is influenced by contexts and this is one of the ways tha t contexts frame exchange, as well as, the co creation of markets is addressed. Service in contextIn the above analysis value co creation is influenced by the resources and the context on its service. This can clearly be show in the following areas.The theory of Growth of a firm by Penrose shows that resources give rise to services. This process takes many steps. The first one is where the firms compete over resources especially when resources are used in offering service streams which finally fills and replaces the context with service inputs. In addition, the output services are later chosen from the context formed. For example, two firms competing for coal to fuel their rail transport. Due to the varying control and coal ownership the two firms are forced to apply service outputs that are heterogeneous where by each become woven with each other and other firms Another case is where the actors occupy unique positions within their context and from these positions ...

Guidelines For Reducing Drunk Driving - 1205 Words

Jovon Alexander Spring 2016 Paper 3 4/20/2016 Solutions to Reduce Drunk Driving Over the years in New Orleans, drunk driving was 50% of the reason for deaths that occurred in the city. The Council of the greater New Orleans job is to prevent the alcohol and drug abuse that goes on in the city of New Orleans to promote a safe environment for the families, individuals, and safe communities (linkedin.com). The definition of drunk driving is defined as operating a motor vehicle while one s blood alcohol content is above the legal limit set by statute, which supposedly is the level at which a person cannot drive safely (thefreedictionary.com). Everyone agrees that drunk driving is a dangerous thing in America and it is harming innocent people. My job is to give you solutions on how drinking and drinking can be stopped. The recent drunk driving accident happened on March 12th of this year. A lady name Jennifer Hanks age 38 was crossing a street when she was seriously injured by a drunk driver (nola.com). Her sister Catlynn Paige watch ed the surveillance video of a car hitting her sister about 6 times (nola.com). She was hit by a man named Luis Delatorre age 59 which this accident was his second DUI that he received since 2008. His bond was a low $7,500 which people say that this was another slap on the wrist. That situation brings me to my first solution which is engineering technologies. The ignition interlock device is one of the technologies that can be installed inShow MoreRelatedFourth Amendment Protections And Denials1299 Words   |  6 Pagesthe front yard is not directly invading ones house or belongings. It can be used to help obtain a warrant to conduct a search of the house for drugs. 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Terminology Misuse, problem use, abuse, and heavy use refer to improper use of alcohol which may cause physical, social, or moral harm to the drinker. Moderate use is defined by The Dietary Guidelines for Americans as no more than two alcoholic beverages a day for men and no more than one alcoholic beverage a day for women. Some drinkers may drink more than 600 ml of alcohol per day during a heavy drinking period. The term alcoholism is commonly

Security Safety And Health Care Essay - 1173 Words

Introduction and Background This records examines driving IT security systems in healthcare organzations, IT security hazard evaluation and comparing IT security controls in healthcare segment. Notwithstanding over, the report additionally addresses physical and human related controls which are straightforwardly connected with IT security related controls and late advancements in that. Leadership involved with i.t security management/ credentials/ training IT Security Strategies in Health Care In this day and age of essential electronic data and vindictive dangers, healthcare associations are finding that a responsive, base up, technology-driven way to deal with deciding security and protection prerequisites is not satisfactory to ensure the association and its patients. To evade breaks of touchy data and different sorts of security occurrences, healthcare associations must take a proactive, preventive approach with thoughtfulness regarding future security and protection needs. To apply the constrained assets accessible in a way that amplifies the decrease of business hazard, healthcare associations ought to utilize a top-down approach in light of hazard evaluation, and ought to moderate hazard through a mix of authoritative, physical, and specialized security controls. Building your association s security and protection capacities is an incremental, iterative, and progressing process. Subsequently, building up a suitable IT security system is a vital piece of socialShow M oreRelatedP4 - health, safety and security within a health and social care sector1408 Words   |  6 Pagesdealing with two particular incidents or emergencies in a health and social care setting. Fire, When you are working within a health and social care setting the most important thing is to evacuate the people that is in your care out of the building first. 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Corporate Law Unconditional Communication Term

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Law for Unconditional Communication Term. Answer: 1. Issue Whether there is any valid contract between Jane and Sarah? Laws For a contract to be established there has to be valid offer and acceptance. Unless the offer and acceptance of the offer on unconditional terms are communicated by each party in the contract to the other party, communication of the same cannot be said to be valid and thus no contract is established between the parties in these circumstances (Air Nelson Limited v EPMU, [2010]). Application In the given situation, invitation to treat was given by Jane for the sale of the lounge suite for $3,500.00. Offer was given by Sarah to buy the suite for $2,800.00. Counter offer was given by Jane that she could sell the lounge suite for $3,000.00 and not less. This counter offer was not accepted by Sarah there. Instead she communicated to Jane that she would let her know by the midday of the subsequent date if she wished to buy the lounge suite for the said amount of money. However, Jane in the given time found another better offer for her suite and hence sold the product. There was no valid contract between Sarah and Jane in the matter because acceptance of the offer was not communicated on absolute terms by Sarah to Jane and hence Sarah was at will to sell the product for a better offer. Conclusion It can be said in conclusion in this matter that because of non communication of acceptance, there is no valid contract between Sarah and Jane. 2. Issue Whether Jason will succeed in a claim for the $10,000 bonus from QB? Laws It has been held that a general rule to perform an existing duty is no consideration. A qualification to this rule is said to have arisen when a promise is done when a bonafide compromise is made to this and thereon a disputed claim arises and makes the promisor believe that those circumstances actually have come into existence (Gustav Co Ltd v Macfield Limited, [2008]). The essence is the presence of an honest belief and there should not be any frivolous or vexatious claim. Application CFH was supposed to deliver the 12 rolls of carpet to QB but noted that they would fail to do so. To make them deliver on time, Mark promised them a bonus and out of this promise, CFH in fact delivered the products on time. However, Mark later denied the bonus to them. CFH had certain problems with their machinery and hence they were late. But for acquiring the benefits, they did faster delivery of the product. Their innocence is proved beyond doubt in this matter. Frivolous claim was raised by Mark in the matter. He could have incurred losses but he had other options in those circumstances like sing for breach of contract or acquiring damages for his losses. However, he chose this method. Hence, Jason is entitled to receive the amount in the given matter. Conclusion It can be said in conclusion that Jason will succeed in a claim for the $10,000 bonus from Mark. Issue Whether Jacob is entitled to continue making the loan payments? Explanation Mortgages, rents, taxes, utility bills and loan repayments are considered to be priority debts and these are payable either by the person concerned or the guarantor thereon. No payment of priority debts can result in home eviction or electricity cut off or even bar on essential items (Anderson v R CIV 2011-485-1232, [2011]). Jacob had purchased his Mini Cooper on credit from City Car Sales Ltd. he was sure that once he makes the down payment, he would be able to repay off his debts because of his monthly wages earned. Hence, even if he ends up losing his job, he is entitled to maintain his payments for the loan. This is because the loan was independent of his job and was not in proximity with the work he was doing. It can be concluded saying that Jacob is entitled to continue making his payments for repaying his loan. Issue Whether Jacobs father has to pay now or not? Explanation Once the borrower fails to repay his loan, the guarantor steps into the shoes of the borrower and the lender has rights to extract the payment from the guarantor when default is made by the borrower in repayment (Boisen v Taranaki Insulation Services Limited, [1987]). In the given situation, Jacobs father had agreed to be the guarantor for his sons loan in repayment for the car that he had bought. Though he was initially resistant, yet he agreed to be the guarantor and communicated his willingness. Thus, now if Jacob fails in making the necessary payments, his father is liable to pay for the loan because he is the guarantor. Issue Whether the contract between Fred and James is binding? Explanation Insanity or mental incapacity to take decisions is a valid ground that makes a person not eligible to enter into contract. However, if at the time of making the contract, the person was of sound mind and no coercion or undue influence is being cast on the person when he is making the contract, then the contract stands out to be binding under ordinary circumstances (Marlborough District Council v Altimarloch Joint Venture Limited and others, [2010]). Fred is elderly and James only knew that he was sleep walking one night. However, his house was valued at $400,000.00 and he agreed to pay him $420,000.00 for the house. Thus, it is clear that he is not using any coercion and is not making any undue advantage of his position. There is also no proof indicating that Fred was not in sound mental health when he was signing the contract. Thus, the contract is valid. The contract between James and Fred is binding. Part 5.1 Issue Whether David has a right to cancel the contract and claim his deposit back? Laws Every contract has certain terms and conditions. Terms are those which form a part of the contract and if they are breached, the party can sue the defaulter. However, conditions are those terms in a contract are integral for the existence of the contract and their violation can render the contract void (Elders New Zealand Limited v PGG Wrightson Limited, [2008]). Beach of conditions result in recession of the contract and the defaulter becomes liable to make good the losses. Application David had made it clear before Hugh that if the consent with regard to the garage has not been taken by him, then he was not interested in buying the house. To this, Hugh has clearly told him that he had obtained all the necessary permissions from the council. To take benefit under the caveat emptor rule, David enquired and found that the consent was not obtained and thus, the garage could be pulled down. Thus, there is breach of condition and the contract becomes void. Conclusion David has a right to cancel the contract and get his deposit back. Issue Whether David could claim damages if he wanted to keep the house? Laws The law states that for breach of condition, the defaulting party becomes liable to indemnify the innocent party for the losses incurred thereon. Application In the given situation, David has performed his part of the obligations under the contract. He also paid the consideration amount and was eager to buy the house after making all terms and conditions clear. However, he realized that there were breach of conditions but those could be satisfied. If because of his medical condition, he wished to retain the house, he could claim for damages from Hugh for breach of conditions. Conclusion Yes, David can claim for damages if he retains the house. All employees are agents of their employers and under the shoes of the agent, they have a fiduciary duty to act loyally for their employers benefit in all matters that are connected with the relationship of the agency between them (Rabson v Shepherd, [2016]). This duty implies that Harry Hanks should not have acted in any way that could amount to competition with Kiwi Tours or could result in economic losses to Kiwi Tours. If the employers interest is harmed in some way or other because of the acts of the employee, that amounts to a breach of fiduciary duties. The fiduciary duties that have been breached are as follows: Hanks has placed himself in a position of conflict of duties that are related to Kiwi Tours and the fiduciary interests because he is deriving the profits personally which would otherwise have been accountable to Kiwi Tours (Siemer v Fardell, [2008]); Kiwi Tours is the principal here and Hanks is carrying on his business under the name of the principal though he is not accounting the accrued profits to them. Thus, he is misusing the trust of the principal and breaching his fiduciary duties (Siloata v R, [2004]); He has been acting for his own benefits without the consent of Kiwi Tours in the matter. The remedies that are available to Kiwi Blast Tours Ltd are as follows: The employment with Hanks can be terminated at the will of Kiwi Tours (Prakash Mani v The Queen [2010] NZSC 6, [2010]); Damages may be recovered from Hanks for all the profits that he has earned under the name of Kiwi Tours; Damages may also be recovered from Hanks for the loss of profits caused to Kiwi Tours; Hanks may be made accountable to Kiwi Tours for all gains acquired by him so that oter remedies may be identified. References Air Nelson Limited v EPMU[2010]NZSC p.53. Anderson v R CIV 2011-485-1232[2011]NZCMAC p.1. Boisen v Taranaki Insulation Services Limited[1987]NZArbC p.9. Elders New Zealand Limited v PGG Wrightson Limited[2008]NZSC p.30. Gustav Co Ltd v Macfield Limited[2008]NZSC p.47. Marlborough District Council v Altimarloch Joint Venture Limited and others[2010]NZSC p.82. Prakash Mani v The Queen [2010] NZSC 6[2010]NZSC p.6. Rabson v Shepherd[2016]NZCA p.446. Siemer v Fardell[2008]NZSC p.9. Siloata v R[2004]NZSC p.11.

Robotic Surgery free essay sample

The Cutting Edge Surgery has been a method used to help fix people’s problems for generations. Whether it is a broken bone, dislocation, cancer, or ruptured appendix, surgery has provided the option of fixing these problems for the afflicted patients. The history of surgery is vast, and over the ages it has developed into a much more refined practice. According to Tim Lambert in A History of Surgery, it started in the Stone Age, with incisions and holes in people’s skulls for unknown reason. Egyptians then furthered the realm of surgery by removing the organs of mummies to prevent rotting (Lambert). A big problem during this time was cleanliness; it was difficult to prevent infections in addition to controlling bleeding problems and pain. As generations passed, surgeons became more skilled in operating procedures, using alcohol and honey to prevent infections. In addition, surgeons gained more knowledge about the human body through dissections that became allowed by the church around the mid-14th century (Lambert). We will write a custom essay sample on Robotic Surgery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The revolution of anesthetics wasn’t introduced until the 19th century; however it became a critical advancement in the field by allowing patients to receive pain relief by inhaling ether. This became especially important at this time, because new procedures such as the tracheotomy became a less intense procedure with the use of anesthetics. Options other than ether soon became available, such as chloroform, cocaine, and Novocain (Lambert). The surgical revolution didn’t end here, many technologies allowed for surgery to become a much more technical process. The 20th century led to the first eye surgery due to the invention of the laser, as well as improvements in heart surgery that led to the pacemaker, heart transplants, and artificial hearts (Lambert). In spite of all the groundbreaking steps that were made in this field, new steps are still being taken today. There is a new outlook that could prove to advance the field of surgery even further, and it is known as robotic surgery. Due to improvements in technology and programming, robotic surgery is now a better option than conventional surgery. Robotic Nurses Robotics can be used to aid in surgery in many different ways. Two main ways are using a robotic surgeon and using a robotic nurse. People may not realize that nurses can in fact have a negative impact in surgery. Research published by George Akingba shows that 31% of all communications in the Operating Room result in some sort of failure, and a third of those failed communications impact the patient (Akingba). Some of these errors are caused by team instability, which includes a lack of familiarity between nurses and surgeons, minimal staffing, and other random distractions. The use of a robotic nurse can possibly reduce the number of failed communications between surgeons and nurses (Akingba). In order for robotics to be a successful replacement, these robots must achieve a certain level of accuracy and speed. In order to determine how well a robot could achieve this, George Akingba and his team performed and recorded multiple experiments using a robotic nurse called Gestonurse. Their goal was to show that a robotic nurse could be used in an actual surgery (Akingba). In order to serve as a viable replacement, Gestonurse needed to be able to understand both verbal and non-verbal cues given by the surgeon, predict the instruments that the surgeon will require next, and doctors need knowledge of the boundaries and limitations of this fairly recent technology (Akingba). In order for Gestonurse to replace a nurse in an operating room it has to be able to replicate the same steps a regular nurse could perform. That means the robot must identify the hand gesture it is being given, match that gesture with a tool, find the tool, and transport it from the table to the surgeon. This is a difficult process for a robot to perform in a small period of time. George Akingba and his team decided to start by determining how well the robotic nurse could get instruments for the surgeon based on the distance between each instrument. They feared that the robot would not be able to distinguish between objects that were too close together (Akingba). For this experiment to be performed, non-verbal cues were assigned to surgical instruments using fingers. One finger is a scalpel, two fingers are scissors, three is a retractor, four is forceps, and five is a hemostat (Akingba). What the study found is that a robot can reliably identify and select the correct instrument for the surgeon when the instruments are separated by at least 25mm (Akingba). Next, the researchers tested different hand placements for these fingers in order to see if the robot would recognize the fingers being held up in different positions. The study showed that as long as they kept their hands parallel to the image plane, even by moving their hands in this plane, about 94% of the gestures were detected (Akingba). About 4% of the remaining error is explained by out-of-plane rotations (Akingba). For example, if three fingers are held up, but they are rotated in such a way that the robot needs depth perception to accurately view them, the robot will not always recognize each finger, and will underestimate the actual number of fingers being presented (Akingba). George Akingba and his team had one last component to test before making a conclusion. His team wanted to test how fast the robot could get the instrument to the surgeon compared to a human. They found that on average it took a human 3. 23 seconds to get an instrument for the surgeon, compared to the 4. 06 seconds it took the robot (Akingba). This results in a very minimal difference of only 0. 83 seconds longer for the robot to accomplish the task. Altogether, the experiments conducted showed the capabilities of robotic nurses in the Operating Room. During these trials, Gestonurse provided many advantageous features to surgery. Gestonurse was easy to use, and allowed the surgeons to use their hands. Additionally, Gestonurse responded to nonverbal commands that were fast and intuitive, without the need of a surgeon to wear a microphone or marker in order to use the system. And lastly, the hand gestures used by the surgeons were very accurately identified. Robotic Surgery On a more sophisticated level, robots can be used to perform an actual surgery. According to an article written by Anthony Lanfranco, Robot-assisted surgery can be done using three different types of robots; ARTEMIS, da Vinci, and Zeus. Artemis (advanced robotic telemanipulator for minimally invasive surgery) is a robotic mechanism that consists of two robotic arms that are controlled by a surgeon on a control console (Lanfranco). The da Vinci system uses a slightly more complex 3-part system, comprised of a vision cart with a dual light source, dual 3 chip cameras, a console for the surgeon, and 2 instrument arms on a movable cart and a camera arm mounted onto a cart. The Zeus machine is very similar to the da Vinci, however the console is in an ergonomically designed arrangement for the surgeon. In addition, Zeus has a third robotic arm that is voice controlled, allowing the surgeon to give audible instructions on where the camera should be placed for the best picture (Lanfranco). What this is essentially offering is surgery that can be performed by a robot that is being guided by a surgeon, which provides numerous advantages to doctors and patients. According to the article Robotic Surgery by Anthony Lanfranco, these systems enhance dexterity and allow the surgeon to better manipulate the instruments and the body tissues. Additionally, the systems produce greater control of hand tremors and sudden movements that doctors would normally have. Lanfranco adds that these robots help by allowing the surgeon to â€Å"sit in an ergonomically designed workstation† as well as â€Å"eliminate the need to twist and turn in awkward positions to move the instruments and visualize the monitor. † The advantage to this is that the system restores proper hand-eye coordination to the surgeon, and reduces the risk of slipping during a procedure as well as not being able to see clearly (Lanfranco). A video titled Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgery with the da Vinci Surgical System records a patient who prefers robotic surgery because â€Å"a surgeon can focus in 10 to 12 times magnification† and that was very important to him. This same man, named Doug Mclean, ran in a marathon within about a month after his prostatectomy (da Vinci Surgery). This leads to another critical advantage of robotic surgery. These robots have been mainly used in laparoscopic surgeries, which are also known as Minimally Invasive Surgeries (Lanfranco). These laparoscopic surgeries provide the ability for surgery to be done without the need of a lengthy recovery period or a sizeable scar. Patients who would normally need to stay in a hospital to recover are now able to leave the hospital on the same day as their surgery (Lanfranco). After his prostatectomy, Marlow Gilmore said, â€Å"I had no idea that it would be this quick to get back to my normal, functioning self† (da Vinci Surgery). Despite its amazing advantages, some disadvantages are still present in Robot-assisted surgery. Anthony Lanfranco recognizes in his article that the limitations of these robots are still not well known. Additionally, he states that the cost of installing one of these systems is close to a million dollars. As new upgrades become available for these new systems, the cost might climb even higher. This makes them difficult for some hospitals to purchase. Lastly, these robotic systems are very large. They take up a huge amount of the operating room, and can sometimes result in overcrowding between the robot and the surgical team (Lanfranco). Haptic Feedback Researchers, however, are currently working on improving the technology associated with robotic surgery. One way of doing this is using haptic feedback in robotic systems. Haptic feedback is the process of giving surgeons the same â€Å"sense of touch† that they would receive if they were performing the surgery without a robot (Robotic Surgery). Associate professor Allison Okamura is conducting experiments to provide a touch sensation during these procedures, instead of feeling what she calls, â€Å"chopsticks that have grippers on the end† (Robotic Surgery). This process is a very difficult and complex problem to solve. In order to allow for doctors to feel these sensations, physics must be combined with technology and incorporated in the machines. The machine will need to use an advanced force sensor, which will measure the force applied by the robot, and exert the same force on the surgeon’s hand (Robotic Surgery). This will create a similar feeling to performing the actual surgery. Another option is to create a computer model that tracks the movements of the robotic tools. This will allow the data collected by the computer to be converted into haptic feedback for the operator (Robotic Surgery). There is much debate to which approach would be better. Force sensors are highly accurate; however they would need to be made of sterile materials in order to be used. On the other hand, a computer model would work well but it may not respond fast enough to be beneficial to the surgeon. Until a system has been developed and is proved to be beneficial, Allison Okamura is using a light operated system that uses red, yellow, and green lights to display if the right amount of force is being used (Robotic Surgery). A new era is approaching and Robotic Surgery is at the front of it. It may be a recent and developing field, but has proved to be beneficial thus far. While human nurses are still the most common, and most surgeons are not using robotic technology, these practices may become outdated in the future with minimally invasive procedures now becoming more available. Robotics has the ability to advance surgery and perform surgical methods that are not achievable by humans. While still incredibly expensive, robotics is now beneficial to the field of surgery, and as time passes this cost will hopefully become more reasonable. While people may be using conventional surgery more often, Robotic Surgery has become a superior alternative.

Visit To The Planetarium Essays - Constellations, Ursa Major

Visit To The Planetarium Essays - Constellations, Ursa Major Visit To The Planetarium Astronomy Second Paper 11-27-00 I attended the Wagner College Planetarium(located in Spiro Hall)on November 15, 2000 at 11:00 for research and to observe the stars, planets and our entire solar system more closely. There was a clear dome on the ceiling for us to see the sky. The director of the show was Dennis Anderson. He put the latitude to forty degrees, and dimmed the lights. Up in the sky the stars are beautiful and bright. They seem, by the naked eye to be moving but the earth is what is actually moving. Everyone knows that the sky doesn't move. The earth rotates around the sun. The earth being in a different spot in its' orbit all the time gives us different stars to see at different times out of the year. A star is a huge ball of glowing gas in the sky. The Sun is a star. It is the only star close enough to the earth to look like a ball. The other billions of stars are so far away that they are no more than a pinpoint of light. A constellation is a bunch of stars in the sky that form a picture. Each Constellation has a definite time of the year when it reaches its highest point. At latitudes to far north or to far south of the equator, many constellations do not reach there culminates high enough to be seen. The constellations appear to move westward as the earth rotates around the Sun. For this reason, certain constellations can only be seen during one season of the year. There is Pegasus which is extremely large. If you connect the stars of Pegasus it is supposed to look like a horses body. However it is upside down. The instructor put a line going across the middle of the dome. It separated the sky from north to south. He said this line is called the Meridian. When a star is at the Meridian it is at its highest point. It is nine degrees elliptical on each side. The second brightest star is Mercury it has a very thick atmosphere. However the brightest star nearest to the horizon is Venus. We also saw Jupiter it was also a very bright star but not as bright as Venus. Jupiter has four moons' which was very interesting to see. We live in a spiral Galaxy. It has one to four billion stars. Some people believe we live in the barred galaxy. It is also called the Milky Way galaxy. If stars or galaxies explode we would not know until light years later. This is due to the great distance between us and other stars or galaxies. Light years are a measure of distance. Some bi-global clusters of stars are a numbered at 150,000 to one million stars bunched together. This is called Messier 13. Messier 13 is 30,000 light years away. It was discovered by a man named Charles Messier. Charles Messier also discovered the Stellar Nebular. He got a lot of credit for his time, which was around the 1700's. Many years ago stars were known as navigation systems. Sailors used the stars to guide them on where they wanted to go. They would look at the stars and try to judge where they were by where the stars were located in the sky. Thus turning the stars into a navigation system. If we were in the country side and not the city we would be able to see the stars much better. They would seem brighter to the naked eye. The instructor at the planetarium explained to us that in New York City the street lights and car lights seem to drown the energy of the stars. He also said that if something isn't done about it in a couple of decades we will not be able to see any stars from our city. A set of stars everyone is familiar with is the Big Dipper, but it is only part of a constellation called the Big Bear. There is also the Little Dipper. At the handle of the Little Dipper is a star called Polaris, which is also known as the North Star it stands out in the sky when you look